ISTE NETS Standards for Teachers

ISTE NETS proto graphic symbols for TeachersModule 1 Assessing Strengths and Improvement Opportunities analogy to NETS-TStandard 1 Facilitate and Inspire Student Learning and creativenessI believe I do a fairly smashing job of engaging students in exploring real-world issues and solving authentic problems using digital media and tools (NETS-T 1b). For example, most of my international ELLs be majoring in international trade. Therefore, I buzz off my duty face students do a assembly line plan end and arrayation. In small groups, students subprogram the Internet to research opportunities and possibilities for starting their consume short letter. They also assimilate to create a business plan indicating their crossroad or service, cost structure, and projected profits or losses for the first, second, third, and fifth old age, among new(prenominal) things. They then organize this information into a PowerPoint presentation and present their proposals to the separate. Students then vote for the proposal that is the most realistic and plausible and has the take up chance of success. M whatsoever aspects of this multi-faceted assignment deal with real-world issues and authentic problems and habituate digital tools and resources to address them. I am, however, relatively weak on NETS-T 1c, promoting student reflection.Standard 2 Design and Develop Digital-Age Learning Experiences and discernmentsI believe the business plan example discussed above is also decent example of a Digital-Age Learning Experience that adapts relevant learning experiences that incorporate digital tools and resources to enkindle student learning and creativity (NETS-T 2a). Students learn to do Internet research and engross plebeian office productivity software while acquiring and learning to communicate in business side. During the term, students also have to displace me several business-related telecommunicates such as asking for more than information, placing an or der, checking an orders status, complaining as a customer, and handling complaints from customers. We do similar topics as call back calls as well. These sorts of activities provide me with formative and summative assessment data (NETS-T 2d). Lawton (2014) says that 21st deoxycytidine monophosphate assessments mustiness move beyond simple right and wrong answers. PowerPoints, presentations, emails, and phone calls go a long way toward accomplishing that goal.Standard 3 cast Digital-Age Work and LearningI do very little with digital communication or collaboration with students or colleagues beyond email and WeChat (a Chinese real-time messaging and social media app similar to WhatsApp). There are three primary reasons for this culture, government restrictions, and my own ignorance. Culturally, everyone in China exercises WeChat for both face-to-face and overlord communications. I, however, find it inadequate for professional or donnish equaliser or collaboration. WeChat is so permeative, in fact, that while most Chinese have email accounts, they rarely use them or even check them. It is common for me to send an email then use WeChat to inform the recipient that an email has been sent. Chinas Great Firewall (i.e. government restriction) is a nonher barrier. The Chinese government blocks m any(prenominal) westerly websites and web-based services such Google (including Gmail, Google Docs, Google Classroom, Google Translate, Google Scholar, and YouTube, etc.), Twitter, and Facebook. VPNs to get around such blocks are operational, yet they are often expensive, unreli able, and the government does its best to ban and block them as well. Finally, my own ignorance is a barrier. I simply have not interpreted the time to research and explore the options that may be uncommitted to me in China. Part of the reason is time, part of it is complacency. I simply have not had the motivation to investigate.Standard 4 Promote and Model Digital Citizenship and obliga tionThis standard is also quite laborious to meet in my menses environment. China has a reputation for weak protection of intellectual keeping (IP) rights. While Chinas written IP laws are comparable to those of more demonstrable nations, they were written only relatively recently, the courts have little experience with IP cases, and enforcement is inconsistent (Ang, Yingmei, Chaopeng, 2014). For example, from firsthand experience, Beijing is filled with DVD stores that cater to foreigners. each Western DVD is bootlegged and pirated. Likewise, counterfeit bags, shoes, and clothing are easily available even though the government has shut down many of the anger shops in recent years. They just reopen elsewhere. Similarly, it is very common for university students to barter for photocopies of required textbooks. Any copy center in Beijing is riant to copy a textbook, even the ones on campus. In fact, two years ago I attempted to require my students to buy authentic copies of m y class required text but I was swiftly reprimanded by my superiors. No, no, no, no, no my supervisor said. Authentic books are far too expensive. Our students cannot afford them, I was told. Photocopies are better The universities are owned, operated, and controlled by the same government that writes and enforces IP laws. It is little wonder that foreigners have the impression that copyright laws and intellectual topographic point rights do not exist in China in any meaningful way.Having said that, one thing I am able to do-and I do it zealously-is insist upon proper documentation and citation of sources. I do my best to investigate, verify, and prove suspected plagiarism but it is difficult to do so when Yahoo is the only tool at my disposal. I would alike to invest in a service such as Turnitin to catch, or better yet, prevent plagiarism.Standard 5 Engage in Professional Growth and LeadershipRogers (2003, cited in Oncu, Delialioglu, Brown, 2008, p. 21) identified five types of volume with regard to applied science adoption innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards. My train of resistance seems to be increasing as I age. I be I am not the innovator I once was at this point I might classify myself as mid-majority had Rogers included that type in his scheme. I speak out part of professional growth and leadership with regards to technology is to approach technology with a more critical essence than is typical. While there are many undeniable benefits to using technology in the classroom, there are also potential dangers, drawbacks, and disadvantages that appear to be overlooked, ignored, or dismissed out of hand (Langford, Narayan, Von Glahn, 2016). For example, concerns have been raised that overreliance on technology can cause declines in critical thinking and analytic skills (Porter, 2014 Greenfield, 2009, cited in Langford, Narayan, Von Glahn, 2016) and that overdependence on the Internet hampers peoples ability t o think, understand, retain, and analyze information (Carr, 2010 Ciarcia, 2012 Friedman Heafner, 2012, cited in Langford, Narayan, Von Glahn, 2016). Finally, Bauerlein (2008) believes that the digital age has generated access to immense information at the expense of making us dumber. He worries that the younger generation is increasingly unlogical from culture, history, politics and context contributing to ignorance and apathy (cited in Langford, Narayan, Von Glahn, 2016, p. 4). I think it behooves instructors and educators to acknowledge both sides of the debate and not automatically assume that any and all technology is beneficial or even harmless. Our students often assume new technology cavalierly. Therefore, as teachers, educators, and leaders, it is incumbent upon us to evaluate the use and potential consequences of technology before adopting it rather than blindly follow the pervasive culture. In other words, if overuse of technology is part of the problem, as both(pre nominal) believe, is more technology really the answer? As leaders we must ask hard questions and be willing to defy the status quo (Bennis, 1989, cited in Shoup, 2016).ConclusionI believe I have done a fairly good job of meeting some of the indictors of the ISTE NETS standards for teachers. On the other hand, some of the standards and their indicators will be difficult to meet in my Chinese university teaching and learning context. Even so, there are two things I believe I can do to further develop the skills I need to meet the NETS-T standards and indicators. My first goal is to research age-appropriate online cooperative tools available and getatable in China. Such tools will help my business position students further develop their English reading and writing proficiency as well as prepare them for their future careers where such collaboration is commonplace. Secondly, I want to develop my professional growth and leadership by researching and arrangement the potential problem s and pitfalls presented by technology beyond the three most commonly associated with youth-predators, plagiarism, and porn-and how to mitigate them. applied science desegregation Matrix (TIM)Below is a Technology Integration Matrix reflecting my business English class for my international university students. I chose this class because I believe it is the most technology- ruffled class I before long teach. My TOEFL and IELTS imprintshops are far less technology-dependent. In fact, I felt it needed to create and add a new Level of Technology Integration to the Matrix NonIntegration. There are several reasons why a teacher may not integrate certain aspects of technology with his or her financial statement including, but not limited to, unawareness that such technology exists, ignorance regarding its use, a lack of resources or access, or a rationale where such use is deemed inappropriate (Kayalar, 2016). For example, I myself am unaware of age-appropriate online resources for g oal-directed learning that are available and accessible in China.Levels of Technology Integration into the CurriculumNon-Integration ingressAdoptionAdaptationInfusionTransformationLearning Environment Characteristics alive(p)Students use technology seamlessly (e.g. Word, Excel, PowerPoint, the Internet) as they create business plans, proposals, and presentations as a means to develop English language proficiency.collaborativeStudents primarily work alone or in pairs or small groups when researching and creating their business plans and proposals. more or less if not all collaboration is done in person.ConstructiveStudents pack and use appropriate technology tools and resources to create and present a bring to pass business plan and proposal in English.AuthenticStudents select and use appropriate technology tools and resources to create and present a complete business plan and proposal in English.Goal-DirectedStudents do not use technology in this manner.Goal 1I would like my busi ness English international students and myself to research and explore age-appropriate goal-directed online resources available and accessible in China that will aid their English-language acquisition and use. This might efficaciously move us from GoalOriented / Non-Integration to Goal-Oriented / Entry. Researching English-language educational tools in English will itself help build students English-language vocabulary and reading comprehension skills as they try to discover online tools and ways they can be used to quicken other aspects of their language acquisition and use.Goal 2I would like to move my business English international students from Collaborative / Entry to Collaborative / Adoption. In China, WeChat is the preferred means of real-time messaging and communication. However, email is more common in other parts of the world, especially in professional business environments. I would like to extend email (or other collaborative tools) use into the arena of real-world col laboration as opposed to the merely academic exercise it is currently.ConclusionWhile many benefits of integrating technology crossways the curriculum are strong and undeniable, several barriers remain. These barriers might be reason as external (relative to the teacher) or internal. External barriers largely involve the availability and accessibility of age-appropriate technological tools and resources, and are largely outside the teachers control. Student social-economic status, naturalize or district funding, or government policy and regulation are all examples of external barriers that may make it difficult to fully integrate technology inside the classroom. Internal barriers to technological integration pertain to teacher willingness, knowledge, and skill, and their legitimate concerns regarding student welfare as well as founded or unfounded prejudices and biases against technology. I would like to echo Langford, Narayan, and Von Glahns (2016) caution against using technol ogy for technologys sake and instead thoughtfully and critically adopt only those technologies and methods turn up to enhance the student educational experience, in my case, the acquisition and use of the English language at the university level.ReferencesAng, J. S., Yingmei, C., Chaopeng, W. (2014). Does enforcement of intellectual property rights matter in chinaware? Evidence from financing and investment choices in the high-tech industry. Review of economics Statistics, 96(2), 332-348.Kayalar, F. (2016). Cross-cultural comparison of teachers views upon integration and use of technology in classroom. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 15(2), 11-19.Langford, S., Narayan, A., Von Glahn, N. (2016). Revisiting the technology and student learning debates Critical issues and octuple perspectives. Transformative Dialogues Teaching Learning Journal, 9(2), 1-15.Lawton, D. (2014). Beyond bubble sheets and number two pencils Assessment in the digital age. Delta Kappa G amma Bulletin, 81(1), 53-58.Oncu, S., Delialioglu, O., Brown, C. A. (2008). Critical components for technology integration How do instructors make decisions? The Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching, 27(1), 19-46.Shoup, J. R. (2016). Leadership, organizational, and institutional studies harmonise and teaching competing perspectives. Journal of Leadership Education, 15(4), 167-182.

Effects of globalization on supply chain management

Effects of planetaryization on turn in reach managementExecutive SummeryThis report evaluates and analyses the effects of globalization on picture reach management (SCM). on the otherwise hand it depicts the recon physical bodyuration of problem Further much it reveals picture range management with five some(prenominal)(predicate) device device device drivers and those ar Production, Inventory, Location, Transportation and Information. Production is root driver in bring orbit management which describe dingle intersection pointion system. entropy driver in contribute string management is Inventory, which has explained with the help of Hewlett Packard. Where as tierce driver in supply kitchen stove management is Location, which tells about Toyota, universe of discourse wide manufacturing subroutine. Transportation is fourth driver, which discussed about FedEx. and last driver in supply chemical concatenation management is Information, which has explained by Procter Gamble.1.GLOBALIZATIONglobalization is defined as train of beliefs that foster a sense of connectivity interdependence and integration in the macrocosm community the towers of globalization ar open trade and lively civil and legal institutions that uphold individual and theme rights bit facilitation mixer and economic integration(Christopher, 2005). Globalization is a stage set up a world community that is prosperous and tolerant, and on attend that enhances and streng thuslys global perceptiveness and improves the quality and effectiveness of business, professional, and private interactions finished un continuericted access to world commodities, technology, and selective discipline.Globalization is non synonymous with trade volume and export profits, it is an taste that seeks to enhance and streng and so global understanding and effective business, professional and personal interactions (Larsen, 2007).Naturally question arises in our mind what atomic numb er 18 the fences for globalization?A company explores global fruition for a variety of reasons. While in that respect be be associated with managing and operating a multinational organization, some(prenominal) companies charter global crossroadion because it offers several benefits(1-a) Access to cheaper drive and operation costs is one of the close to common reasons for localisation principle production facilities afield, labour place vary considerably among nations. Therefore, for some(prenominal) specific personas of production activities, it is cheaper for companies to get d deem overseas than to extend in their home countries. For many another(prenominal) specific types of production activities, it is cheaper for companies to produce overseas than to expand in their home countries. For example, many manufacturing facilities have been set up in china and Bangladesh to hold up advantage of those countries, mortifieder labour costs. Similarly, many telephone a nd internet-based client support centres have been establish in India during recent years of lower operating costs.(1-b) Some cartridge clips, companies descend their facilities in another(prenominal) coun puree to get access to the knowledge and skills of people in that country. For example, many information technology-based operations have recently been established in several eastern European countries and in India because of the vast pool of highly expert workers in those beas. It should be noted that access to knowledge and skill does not necessarily come at lower cost. Switzerland, Germany, and Japan atomic number 18 examples of countries where companies locate set to get access to populations who argon highly skilled in pecuniary services, engineering and technology, even though the labour costs are higher.(1-c) Yet another reason for globalization of industries involves access to resources, certain move of the world are rich in natural resources. For example, many of the minerals-based in south the Statesn countries, which have some of the oral communication largest mining industries.(1-d) Globalization as well allows companies access to in the buff marketplaceplaces, by locating facilities in new countries firms fuel market their products and services to a new set of guests. Therefore, firms forever look for growth opportunities abroad. For example, we can see the outlets of many well -known America brands. For examples McDonalds, Marriott, and Star bucks around the world.(1-e) Facilities at strategic international locations can also reduce logistics and diffusion cost. A foreign location can grow a hub for distri more thanoverion of a firms products to markets in the neighbouring region. For example, apple, Sony, and other electronics producers operate distribution and warehousing facilities at various strategic locations in north America, Europe, Asia and the rest of the world.(1-f) Sometimes firms locate their facilities internat ionally to take advantage of taskation and financial incentives provided by local governments. To encourage development, many emerging nations have established tax-free production zones within their b orderings. The companies operating within these zones get earthshaking tax rebates and access to cheaper capital. For example, the software development facilities of many international firms are located in SEEPZ,(Santacruz electronics export souring zone) Mumbai, India. because of very attractive tax incentives provided by the local government.(1-g) Finally, firms also locate internationally for political and industry-specific reasons. For example, by locating a production facility in a country, providing employment, and take part in various community activities, a firm can soft become local rather than stay a foreign entity. For example, Holden cars are commonly considered to be Australian, but they have been part of the general motors family since the 1920s.(2)RECONFIGUREToday, many multinational companies have reconfigured their supply chan. Their are many reasons behind this, such(prenominal) as advance ICT (information and communication technology), increased focus on market requirements, global arguing, development in international fright enamour system, global rivalry and so forth Market requirements obliges the companies to reconfigure their supply grasps and increased hale on time to delivery requires organisation to be in constrictive immediacy to their consumers, not necessarily in terms of physical distance, but in terms of time twenty four hours lead time demands world for example, such type of condition quite normal in several industries. so these conditions indicates that, organisation need to have reconfigure their distribution centres organise in order to meet requirements. In few industries, for example electronic and automobile industries, the focal company requires memorandum close to the focal companys conference plants. on the other hand, organisation are moving their manufacturing plants to low-cost countries, in order to be more cost-efficient. Further more, global rivalry has obligate the organisations to relocate their distribution centres and manufacturing operations in order to be both(prenominal) cost efficient and competitive. for example, most of the fashion and shoe industries have go their manufacturing plant toward East. Regarding automobile industry, German car manufactures has footmark by clapperclaw moved to south Africa, Czech republic, Hungary, Poland. logistics. Logistics postponement highlights that few regional distribution centre to single distribution centre to centralization of scrutinise, until the actual order detectd. full postponement is the delay of manufacturing until the order received and after the fiction process. At this stage, the intercepted goods are shipped by rapid distribution to the wonters. The customized products are shipped directly to the guests.Postp onement of production or logistics is a strategy, which can be hit flexibility and rapid response when addressing metamorphoses demand. Production postponement elbow room that modular components are produced according to forecasts, and then assembled, packaged or differently completed at a point downstream in the supply chain, closer to the customer. Example at the logistic centre of a triplet party (Shah, 2009).(3) SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENTSupply management is the coordination of production, inventory, location, conveyingation, information among the participants in a supply chain to achieve the outperform of responsiveness and efficiency for the market being served (Brindley,2005).Difference between traditional logistics and supply chain managementSupply chain managementTraditional logisticsSupply chain management covers all traditional activities and also includes activities such as customer service, promotion, funding, new merchandise development,Its concentrate on activitie s standardised procurement, distribution, maintenance, and inventory managementSupply chain refer to integration of organisations that coordinate their actions and work together to distribute a merchandise, to marketplace. Traditional logistics occurs within the boundaries of a single organization(4) FIVE major SUPPLY CHAIN DRIVERSThe right combination of responsiveness and efficiency in each of these drivers allows a supply chain to increase throughout while simultaneously reducing inventory and operating expense (Cohen,2005).(4.1) ProductionIt is first driver is supply chain management. Production is the strength of supply chain regarding to constructing and accumulating products. Production services are warehouse and factories. if warehouses and factories are reinforced with a herd of excess capacity, then its become very blowzy to organisations or companies to respond quickly for customers demand. Production activity covers manufacturing, equipment safeguarding and quality deem. From the above fig responsiveness versus efficiency, it is clear that, production indicates, which product should be produce? How practically need to produced? What is market demand? When should be produced?.(Sheikh, 2003) Factories can be create for manufacturing of product focus, a manufactory that takes a product focus performs the range of different operations required to make a given product line form fabrication of different product parts to convention of parts.Example- dell check to dingle sources, limerick factory have built with a lot of excess capacity. that why its become very easy to Dells to respond quickly for customers demand. They also claim that, limerick factory have already bay geared up for upcoming capacity, further more they are supply to increase the server lines capacity in the upcoming year. Dell has little bit contrast to above theory, i.e. they dont have warehouses. one more chief(prenominal) thing for dell is that, they are not assemble a si ngle processor until it has been demanded by customer and credit cleared, because they dont want to take any risk. Dell think that, electronic computerization bring dynamic variety in services, such as orders are receiving at business units, then downloaded to personal computer after all quarter. After that, orders are advancing to factory planner who consider inventory photograph and proceeds stuff requests. and then in very short spam of time Dell distribution centre responses to request. Normally distributors have local network and laboured for supply prepared.Dells factory has five assembly lines for desktop PC, two for notebooks and a server line. However, all the lines can be changed according to demand. Lines 4 and 5 are flexible and can build port able-bodieds or desktops as per demand. The process begins in the kit area, moves to the build area, the may go to the custom factory line for anything not usual that need to be done (Dell, 2009a). Dell technical police squ ad does quick test for assembled personal computers with respect with customers order. The reason behind this is to verify the product. Dell technical team oblique to finish test very quickly i.e. not more than 5 minutes, then assembled personal computer send back to conveyor. Then Dell engineers team load software by braking the seal on the personal computers, and sustain all the application. loading of software in a personal computer is time consuming and normally it takes four to five hours for each unit.Then last(a)ly, labels with authenticity are added with different companies such as Intel, Microsoft. Next step is personal computer get a general clean, goes in a box, and a barcode label is put on the box. then 10% of products are audited on a random basis, to verify all the work process done in the personal computer. Dell want to ensure its not affecting its liability or the customer experience (Dell, 2009b).4.2) InventorySecond driver in supply chain management is inventory . Primary use of goods and services of inventory is to act as a buffer against uncertainty in the supply chain. Holding large amounts of inventory allows a company or an entire supply chain to be very responsive to fluctuations in customer demand. However, the creation and storage of inventory is a cost and to achieve high levels of efficiency, the cost of inventory should be kept as low as possible (Chang, 2004). It covers three types of inventory such as musical rhythm inventory, Safety inventory, Seasonal inventory. Normally cycle inventory fulfilling requirement for the merchandise. on the other hand, safety inventory assumed buffer aligned with insecurity. Where as, seasonal inventory based on prediction which happen in decided time of period.Example- HP theorize and Printing GroupHewlett Packard imagine and opinion group is one the leading player in inkjet suppliers and printing products. Hewlett Packard previous practice was, to allocate connatural capacity or similar life cycle phase product at a analogous location. By using a multi-echelon optimize overlyl Hewlett Packard inkjet slashed broadly speaking inventory by fifty percent. Hewlett Packard uses the tool in mechanized yields, grape levels, forecasts correctness, previous variables to produce target safety supply, time phase. etc.With the multi echelon tool, HP found it was carrying too little inventory for items with special packaging, which had lumpy demand, and too much inventory for low variability, high volume packaging operations. the group also found that for items with long lead times, it had to increase buffer inventory at certain points in the supply chain, but that by doing this the overall service levels to customers could be improved. in aggregate, this new approach both rock-bottom inventory and improved customer satisfaction (HP, 2009).4.3) LocationThird driver in supply chain management is location. Location is one of the most important factor in supply chain managemen t, because correct location decision give half of the business success, in other words location decision is strategic planning which commits long term instrument for huge amounts of money. Before selecting location for any business it is very important to consider various factors which covers infrastructure, availability of customers and suppliers, availability of skill workers and non skill workers, tax and tariffs, other facilities in low cost. Once location is fix, that leads the product to the final consumer. important think in location is that, all this activities should be control form common place.Example - Toyota MotorToyotas motor running manufacturing operations, at different location around the world they had fifty one overseas manufacturing industries nearly twenty-six regions. as per above mentioned theory Toyota running manufacturing operation in low labour cost, countries corresponding India, china, Thailand, South Africa, Venezuela, Malaysia etc. On the other hand they are running manufacturing operation in best facilities providing countries like Germany, UK, USA, Australia, Mexico, Canada etc. Facilities includes good infrastructures, with humourrn technical facilities .But all these activities are control and centralize from the Toyotas headquarter Japan.(4.4) Transportation-It is the fourth driver in supply chain management is transfer. From the figure (Responsiveness versus Efficiency) it is clear that, rapture indicates that, how to move product? and when to move product? There are many de think upors to move product from one place to another such as fast mode and slower mode. Usually fast mode of transport are dear(predicate) for example Airplanes. On the other hand slower mode of transport is chief, for example rail, ship etc. now a days most of the companies receiving order by catalogs or internets and try to deliver product as soon as possible through airplanes, rail, ship or their own modes. Apart from this pipeline transport and electronic transport are in use. pipeline transport are basically useful to transport gases or liquid like natural gas, oil and water. Where as electronic transport is another fastest mode of transport which move certain type of products only like text, pictures, music etc. fare will be effective when it is control from central hub rather than controlling form many branches.Example- FedExTransportation management has become the most outsourced component of supply chain management and FedEx as well.From above fig it is clear that FedEx receiving customer order by telephone or by internet tools like shipment visibility, web order entry, event management /altering etc. Web-based management of customer order allows customer to review, confirm and even change order attributes, no just once but at triplex stages earlier dispatch. Then customer can view inventory motion, receive event alerts as they occurs, as supply proactive notification to customers before an event becomes an un expected and unpleasant surprise. And then order transfer to FedEx transportation management, which perform various roles like, verification of order, planning for dispatch, financial settlement and functional reporting that can reduce administrative costs further more FedEx monitor customer compliance, validate order accuracy, and employ sophisticated planning processes to minimize overall transportation expense. FedEx also give customer the government agency of knowing that there is a group of dedicated, experienced professional making sure customer shipments come and go as planned. With such contour of visibility and peace of mind, FedEx can deliver reliability to customers, then FedEx transportation management pass the tender with various options such as FedEx express, FedEx ground, FedEx fright, FedEx custom critical, FedEx trade networks, after that status for delivery transfer to again FedEx transportation management and finally FedEx transportation management load plan to shipper facility. Shipper facility at FedEx transportation management is very flexible which help customer for lower transportation expense through a process of consolidation, aggregation, mode selection, and service levels. Shipment management at FedEx transportation delivers customer products where, when, and how they want.According to my opinion if supply chain management is not FedEx core business, it can take too much attention away from what is. And that is not the way to stay competitive in todays apparel marketplace, where late arrivals can mean lost sales and excess inventory.(4.5) Information-Information is last driver in supply chain management. Importance of this tool is increasing every year in supply chain management because of this companies are able to take correct decisions in business. Information plays important role in supply chain in two ways, such as set up the daily activities andby Planning and Forecasting. Basically Coordinating daily activities connect to other four drivers of supply chain management such as production, location, transport, inventory on the other hand Planning and Forecasting predict and try to fulfil the upcoming requirements of consumers. Information help the companies to make future planning. It is an important tool in making strategies, that helps the companies to about whether to stay in market or exit from market.Example - Procter and GamblePreviously Procter and Gamble had lot of issues with retailers and distributors by supplying excess quantity, of popular product like cockers liquid diapers because market demand was less. The reason behind this is lack of correct information. So re-evaluation team of Procter and Gamble started to work back all the way through supply chain information sharing system. hence, because of supply chain evoke of the art information sharing system Procter and Gamble had able to figure out the issues with retailers and distributors also information sharing system helped to Proc ter Gamble to gain a competitive advantage on competitors, and to make future planning for manufacturing, and distributing of Pamper disposable diapers. So by continuing through the supply chain sharing information system today Procter and Gamble is able to do maximum profits.Information in supply chain management, much like money, is a very useful commodity because it can be employ directly to enhance the performance of the other four supply chain drivers. High levels of responsiveness can be achieved when companies collect and share ideal and timely data generate by the operations of the other four drivers (Gattrona,2009).5. ConclusionIn conclusion, I would like to emphasizethat supply chain management providesa huge number of ways to enhance turnout and effectiveness and consequently bargain unit expenses. Furthermore, effective supply chain management gives the competitive advantage over the competitors. So, competitors realised that actual rivalry is not organization versus organization but moderately supply chain versus supply chain.Each supply chain has its own unique set of market demands and operating challenges and yet the issues remain essentially the same in every case. Companies in any supply chain must make decisions individually and collectively regarding actions in five areas such as production, inventory, locations, transportation, and information (Handfield, 2002).

Market analysis of Sunfeast cookies

Market analysis of Sunfeast cookiesThe main objective of the explanation is to comply to the various commercialise placeing theories that has been prevailing in the grocery and seduce a proper understanding of the real market.With the help of the ITC Sunfeast various functions and strategies were universe discussed and discussed in respect to policies and path they accept followed since they develop been a happy player in the market.The annihilater insight is studied to get a finger of various inevitably, implys and mind set of them. This is d genius with the help of questioning passel at different places so that thither is a glimpse of their get pattern. The people interviewed were from different places of Gurgaon.COMPANYS OVERVIEWITC stands for Imperial Tobacco confederation of India Limited is an Indian Conglomerate whose market capitalization is of US $14 billion and overthrow of over US $ 51 billion.ITC is a largest private cigargontte troupe with a diversifie d portfolio which comprises of hotels and paperboards, packaging, agri- business, packaged foods, confectionary, cracked app arls, greeting cards and FMCG harvest-feasts.ITC pigeonholing is the latest diversed form of FOOD DIVISIONS. The entry in beverage market was just to implement a new strategical decision to step-up the market values. The core values of caller lies in understanding the customer take ins, reinventing mugs and to establish the expertise brand.ITCs aimed at creating multiple drivers of growth anchored on its easy-tried core competencies unmatched distribution reach, superior brand-building capabilities, effective supply concatenation management and acknowledged service skills in hoteliering.SUNFEASTIn July 2003, ITC memorializeed in Biscuits market with the Sunfeast it was Glucose, Marie and cream biscuits. The brand con nones to happiness, contentment, delight and pleasure since its mascot Sunny and slogan circle the smile. In 6 years Sunfeast has open uped many new varieties and has it launched almost either types of biscuit categories.At that time, Britannia and Parle held. The rest too was firmly held by smaller players like Priya Gold which had a strong presence in the north.Things set about lot changed after three year. The growth has been increased upto 12% and the overall pricing was Rs 4,000 croreITCs Sunfeast is a different story to tell so far. The strategian looks at the game plan of a late entrant and how the biscuits manufacture has responded. marketing ENVIORMENTMACRO ENVIORMENTDevelopments and implementing marketing plans requires number of decisions. Making those decisions is both an graphics and science. To provide insight into and inspirations for marketing decision making, companies monitor customer needs and update themselves so that they can continuously adapt to the environment.In 2003 when ITC entered the market there was a organized sector of biscuits which was estimated to be 0.8 million hemorr hoid with a value of Rs 45 billion and Britannia and Parle were the major competitors. But the company realized that urban India comprising 27% of the creation accounts for 44% of biscuit opus that consumers are looking for innovation, variety and fun in the entire biscuit family unit which other biscuit companies lack.DEMOGRAPHIC ENVIORMENTSince India is diversified and demographically vivid, hence the need is therefore very different. So the company catered the need of every liveliness cycle as there is a ware for children and even for elders and excessively for older people. Hence there is something for everyone and by this ITC dominated the market completely. sparing ENVIORMENTThe available purchasing power in an economy depends on electric current income, outlay, saving, debt and credit availability. The company realized the buying potential of the Indian market and accordingly price the biscuits in a way so that it does not push the consumer and the price corresponds to the price of the competitors. So this way the customers will have a value for money as in the same price they will have a new and a better growth. what is more the focus was on the urban population hence the price was not such a matter of importance as the people of this category has high purchasing power.SOCIO-CULTURAL ENVIORNMENTThe society shapes the beliefs, values and norms that largely define consumer tastes and takeences. slew absorb, almost unconsciously, a world view that defines their relationship to themselves, to other, to other organizations and to society. So ITC launched a product which was in accordance with the beliefs of India as the ingredients contained in the product are those which were generally used by the people and moreover pleasant them and it was in also tune with the changing taste and pickences of the consumers.ENVIORNMENTALITCs operation conduce mainly concern on three areas (a) release of greenhouse gases for globose warming (b) consumpti on of water, both from surface and sub-surface sources,Global Warming schema used by company to lower the global effect are (a)Lower the energy used by improving technology and implementing it with new products. (b) greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, through a large-scale forestry programme.Water saving ITC is know close the fact that freshwater in the country is increasingly becoming a valuable resource given that India accounts for 18% of the worlds population but has all 4% of global freshwater resources.MICRO ENVIORNMENTITCs occupation practices are based on attracting and retaining talent nevertheless on merit. The Company leadership walking the talk and focusing on implementing the policy underlines the Companys go about to employment practices and creating a decent work environment. ITCs takes care of all forgiving rights and employee satisfaction along with maintaining dignity. High standards of employment and EHS practices judge the Companys performance, he lp in the attraction and retention of quality talent, and enhance the equity of the Company as a responsible employer. The primary objective is to nurture a refinement of meritocracy amongst a committed and enthusiastic workforce from diverse backgrounds.The organizational organize is as follows-DISTRICT MANAGERREGIONAL forking MANAGERBRANCH MANAGERASSISTANT BRANCH MANAGER3 CIRCLE INCHARGE (CITY, underpass UP COUNTRY)AREA EXECUTIVESUPERVISORSALES MANMARKETING STRATEGYITC is a nation company that is most valued because of its merged culture. Chairman Y C Deveshwar considers the company as commitment beyond the market.The company seem to be committed with developing India and contributing in its own way not only to succeed in at a smaller level but making a loss at a global level in an international wSTRATEGYWith its one of its product which is Sunfeast the company is determined to give happiness, contentment, satisfaction and pleasure since its mascot is Sunny and slogan shel l out the smile which stood true to its name.The product Sunfeast was launched in the midst when the biscuit market in India was estimated to be about a value of Rs 45 billion and out of that Britannia and Parle held more than 80% of the organized sector in value terms. ITC therefore decided to enter the branded biscuits market with products that would reinforce the gratifying aspects of the brand as well as offer great taste and quality to customers.The ITC can be a classical example of study as a tobacco plant company who deals in various products can be successful in promoting in marketing biscuits? The core competencies on which ITC relies on the depth of distribution, brand building capability and ability of quality outsourcing which made it successful.Sunfeast which was launched in 2003 was one of its diversified arrays apart from a tobacco product leader to a FMCG player. IT has a well developed system of distribution which can only be compared only to HLL. As ITC was one co mpany who has its intervene in all major fields so this establishes Sunfeast among all over India and as well outside India.The biscuit market is to be estimated about 4500-5000 crore with Parle and Britannia universe the major players. The biscuit market has now moved to value added biscuits and primordial markets were U.P., Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. While the rural market prefers Glucose biscuits and Urban market is fond of cream biscuits.The establishment of brand was never easy as the market is already having lead biscuit companies which were satisfying the needs of people. Sunfeast monitored the market demand and carefully handled promotion and brand building which made the brand to exonerate 10% market share. The product was made exciting by debut a series of convenience goods, new tastes and flavours which lead to an interest in the brand. The company continued a series of launching of products like milky magic, coconut, strawberry, pineapple, butterscotch and cream an d it also entered the premium biscuit category with Dark Fantasy. save market research revealed that consumers were looking for innovation, variety, and fun in all the biscuits cateogries. A mascot, Sunny was chosen to convey these aspects of ITCs biscuit brands. Initial offerings included the Sunfeast Glucose biscuits, targeting children and their mothers Sunfeast orangish Marie, targeting housewives and families and Sunfeast Orange cream, Butterscotch cream and Bourbon Cream, targeting children.Over the last few years, the Sunfeast range has spread out with the introduction of the Sunfeast Dark Fantasy range in the premium section the Sunfeast Milky Magic in the milk biscuit category the Snacky in salted crackers and cookies category. In addition, ITC entered the nutritional biscuit segment with launch of Sachins Fit Kit- a range of healthy products co-created with the cricket icon. In 2007 the brand has a value of Rs 5 billion and is growing at 15% per year.CONSUMER ANALYSISTh e analyses showed that majorly people consumed Biscuits and are not fond of having the Sunfeast Pastas.About 63% of people prefer having Sunfeast Marie and Sunfeast Dream Cream is being preferd by only 25% of the consumers.The products like Sunfeast Special, Sweet n Salt, and Golden Bakery are not that much appereciated as only 13% of people prefer them.In dream Cream Butterscotch, Orange and Burbon were equally appreciated.Classic Snacky was more desire as compared to Chilli flakes in Snacky brand.90% people prefer having Marie lite over Orange Marie and the product is not just consumed by Old but almost people of every age group.In Golden Bakery choco nut was mostly liked magical spell there was no intrest in the rest of the choices.Coconut and Butter were equally liked in Special cateogary.63% prefer Sunfeast because of its Taste and Flavour while 25% likes them because of price, packaging, quality.People also appereciated it because of availability of large variety.It was also discovered from the survey, that the products were regularly by the customers, most of them going for weekly and fortnightly leveraging of the product.The major competitors for the product are Parle and Britannia which were even a threat when the product was launched.The brand loyalty seems to very weak as when consumers were asked that would they continue to consume Sunfeast even if other products were at a discount, the answer came as no(prenominal) The people were specific in the categories but not with the brand Sunfeast.The telecasting seems to be most effective form of advertisement as it spread awareness in almost every age group and was the major promotional tool.The brand was easily available to people and even remotest to smallest shops have Sunfeast for sale.The people seem to be assured of quality and said that they would suggest their friends and relatives the product.

Eros And Civilization Analysis

sexual desire And Civilization AnalysisIn order to be equal to(p) to richly understand this literary piece of work, it is important to first-class honours degree start by defining a few terms that go come out mostly be referred to in this piece of work Eros refers to an understanding that work towards self-preservation, joyfulness and procreation. When the three atomic number 18 considered in a group, they argon what constitute Eros. Civilization is a state or condition of organism highly developed and mostly refers to a corporation that has a in truth high level of organization cultur altogethery and amicablely. In terms of individuality, finish refers to a certain level of tangible comfort which a psyche is used to and probably would non do with by. Repression or crushing, which merchantman be used interchangeably in this background, refers to a psychological mechanism in which people try to protect themselves from harmful or non-so appealing melodic themes, by blocking them surface of their conscious psyche. Capitalism is a salve market system in which there is private professership of capital (means of production). dispersion of goods and services is based on a motivation to nominate more(prenominal) meshing than matchlesss competitors. Instincts are strong freely occurring impulses that occur in the principal to warn somewhatbody ab egress something without necessarily origining about it. sometimes also lie withn as an inborn trait, it is the behavior pattern wrought by biological necessi plug ins (Herbert, p.16).Eros and finish is a piece of literary work done by one Herbert Marcuse who was a German philosopher who lived in the 20th century. The literature revolves around a critique approach to Freuds sociological titled shade and its discontents. Marcuse begins by giving an elaborate description of biology, which he argues is a fight against surmountion of instincts, hence is a force that tries to pull in out the best of intuition or the sixth maven as many call it. He continues to argue that capitalism, which is the economic demeanorstyle that has overtaken confederacy, is up in arms trying all it bay window to prevent us from reaching the level of a non-repressive society. Herbert continues to say that the scheme put onward by Freud that repression is a necessary condition if civilization is to survive in the current. On the contrary, Herbert thinks that Eros is more superficial, constructive and liberating (Herbert, p.16).What Herberts works aims at evaluate is the nonion that human race instincts and suppression/instincts/superswelled head are al guidances in combat for survival. Freud argues that the superego is ever in a struggle to follow societys norms and rules at its accept put down. In his view, Eros and civilization gitnot co-exist, and their clash is what chip ins rise to a reduce humanity history. He continues to say that it is as a result of suppression of insti ncts is what has given rise to the modern level of civilization that we are dungeon in forthwith, without which civilization would not hasten been possible. He gives the example of the intimate instinct. Had it been that human beingnesss give in to this instinct whenever it arises, without a second thought and without channeling that energy into work out, it is promising that there would be no civilization at all in the first place. Herbert comes in to argue that in as much the energy is channeled into progress, human beings do so at the expense of their Eros pastime, procreation and self preservation, which should not be the case. According to Marcuse, progress is just anformer(a) word for sacrifice of human contentment. He is of the public opinion that conflict is not really mingled with work and Eros, unless between change labor and Eros. To give an example on this, he goes forwards to say that sex, for example, is a refer of the capitalists, and for the laborers whe n they are not disturbing progress. He advocates for a socialist society that would not need the performance of the curt top progress, and hence a society that would not deliberately suppress the sexual drives of its inhabitants. Such a society would do away with alienated labor and in its place dupe non-alienated libidinal work. This would then give rise to a non-suppressive civilization. In his view, Herbert confidently infers that instincts are shaped by historical aspects like repression and that to daylight, society suffers from increased suppression which is as a result of contemporary society (Herbert, p.24).The struggle for existence is a dynamic concept that should involve a rationality that subdues repressive reasoning. This way, when happiness and reason converge, they will be equal to(p) to create their own hierarchy of doing things, their priorities and divisions of labor, without one being repressed to give way to the other. This is the performance rule that shou ld divvy up things or events, but not people. This is so much in severalize to modern civilization which is nothing more than close coordination and arrangements that mustiness keep back recognized authority. Marcuse has established that todays hierarchical civilization does not come comfy or with freedom per se, but it all the comparable comes so potently because repression has become so effective that it has assumed the position of freedom. An attempt in the abolition of this order of things is calculaten as a terrorization of freedom, which in loading is nothing more than repression of gratification and frolic. Freedom, in his perception is not wholly private, but does not exist in the absence or privacy. So the question arises, does civilization give rise to freedom, and how? If it does not, who is supposed to establish and compel objective standards? After a closer psycho psychoanalysis of other philosophers pennings, Marcuse has settled for the report that crea tion of a favorable human existence for all people is no longer confined to a selected few. It is now actually(prenominal) possible to create happiness, but only if the human consciousness is not arrested and diverted elsewhere. People have the capacity to mark, understand and tell the variety between what can be termed as normal repression and excessive repression. This cannot be achieved overnight, but would, with time, give rise to a utopia society, marked with perfection, happiness and a balance between work and gratification (Herbert, p.27).Major themes raised by Herbert MarcuseIn his theory of Eros and civilization, there are many life topics that this philosopher seeks to address. These themes include conflict, happiness, sexual desire/lust, gratification, and ontogeny. In the theme of exploitation, we can see that repression is a force applied unconsciously by laborers, so that they can please their employers in the capitalist setting. The employers on the other hand kn ow that their employees are working extra hard at the expense of their happiness, but they do nothing to liberate the employees from this torture. All the employers want is to maximize their profits from the labor of these poor fellows, bit at the same time being able to fuck the finer qualities of life. star of the things that they enjoy freely without having to repress their popular opinion is sex, as Marcuse says sex is a preserve for the elite who in this case are non others than the exploitative employers. Life, looking at it from a bigger perspective, also exploits the members of society. This is because they put in so much effort into their work, with the promise of being able to enjoy rewarding benefits, but what happens? Life continues to tie them in a cycle of what is commonly referred to as the rat escape putting much effort with little or no rewards to enjoy. Isnt this exploitation (Herbert, p. 36).The theme of happiness comes out so strongly because it is the esse nce of the writing anyway. Herbert seems to strongly support the mood that happiness should be the essence of living, and anything that derives us of the opportunity to be happy should be done away with or modified to fit into the lifestyle in which we can derive happiness. Marcuse says that a utopia society is possible, a society where everyone is happy, satisfied with life and still enjoys the benefits of labor. He dreams of a society that will not require Eros does not posses a natural self-restraint, delay or detour from the normal descent of life.The theme of gratification comes with happiness. Marcuse is of the idea that, when peoples desires are met and they have a sense of gratification, then the most likely thing that will follow is happiness. satisfaction comes as a pre-requisite for happiness. When Eros and civilization co-exist at harmonious levels, what results is gratification. employment is depicted so clearly when Freud suggests that for there to be civilization, there must be some level repression. Civilization is viewed as progressive using and for progress to be realized, energies that seek gratification must be reborn into energy and then directed towards progress. There is conflict of instincts, progress/ discipline and happiness/gratification. This conflict as depicted by Freud is what forms the basis of Herberts tyro theory of Eros and Civilization. There is also conflict of ideas in that magic spell one philosopher feels that Eros and civilization cannot co-exist, the other one is of a all in all different view and feels that Eros must be present if civilization is to be meaningful (Herbert, p.46).Sexual desire is theme that is sharply communicate in Herberts work of Eros and civilization. To Marcuse, the ability to freely express and fit sexual desires equate to human poke. This, he says, has become a preserve for the rich and the elite, while the poor and the less educated are left hand with nothing but alienated labor tha t forces them to suppress their desires, with a morose hope of becoming civilized. He adopts the Marxist approach and advocates that human beings should adopt play, phantasm and art in order to be able to fully express their real of necessity and desires. Marcuse sees human beings as the vessels of abundance, with the full potency of gratification of energies and other faculties of existence. Non-repressive civilization is a concept that Marcuse is fond of referring to, having borrowed the idea from Marx, with a prominent emphasis on sexual liberation.Describe the inner(a) logic of the piece of political philosophy you are reading.This piece of term has a large sense of logic in it, in that it summates out the complete essence of civilization. If civilization is depict as the level of material comfort that an individual is able to enjoy and which he hopes to oppose, then it position logic if man is able to create that wealth, but lacks the freedom or opportunity to enjoy t he benefits that come with the wealth, then he might as well not have struggled so much to make that wealth. In as much as Freud argues that some repression is determined by society, Marcuse is of the feeling that some limitations that we impose on ourselves are not necessarily stirred up by an external repressive candor principle. Instincts, he says, are sometimes bound to obey the rules of nature because they happen to have inherent libidinal value. This he goes on to explain saying that there is a great possibility that the sexual instinct in nature has some characteristics that makes it impracticable to achieve absolute gratification. Repression, if always allowed to dominate the human mind, would more likely than not become barriers to human freedom since they tend to protect that other nature from which pleasure, gratification and happiness originates. Eventually, human beings would not be able to rise to the level of self actualization neither would they be able to differ entiate gratification at the mere sense of the word and happiness as a result of gratification. If human beings concentrated on the pleasure principle, then they would be able to bring together their refusal s and selections, cipher which ones helps to alleviate conflict, pain and frustrations, then these antagonisms would be embedded with the rational mind of gratification ((Herbert, p.74).Pleasure principle is a concept based on psychoanalysis and was developed by Sigmund Freud and Marcuse applies it in his Eros and civilization theory to bring out the close kin between the strength of Eros and the level of civilization that one can achieve depending on that strength. 6the principle of pleasure states that people are always on the look out for things, activities or events that bring them pleasure and not pain. They are always out to satisfy their biological and psychological needs. On the other hand, and contradictory to the pleasure principle is the reality principle, which ten ds to postpone gratification when necessary for impinge onment of a greater need at that moment. The id, which is the selfish nature in human beings, is ruled by the pleasure principle and starts operating when human beings are very young. As they grow older this nature is overtaken by the ego and superego, which teach man to suppress their immediate desires and emotions and to defer gratification. This is how people learn to reason and to take account the reality principle, which even though seeks pleasure as well, does so in account of reality and hence postpones pleasure. Marcuse is of the idea that id should not be stamp down and should be let to rule, but in a balanced level. If the so much desired pleasure can be attained in the here and now and yet maintain the required level of civilization, then be it whatever the cost (Herbert, p.264).The reality principle on the other hand takes into account the advantage there is in postponing gratification for the sake of attaining a goal that is long long-wearing and which will provide security in the future. This is where the concept of repression comes in as depicted by Freud. The principle implies that is only desires and pleasures can be hold in today and that energy directed towards growth and progress, then gratification will come at a afterwards date, with all its benefits because with it will be happiness and satisfaction. To Marcuse, this is flawed thinking because repression of desires and emotions is an injustice to naturally occurring desires and wants. For example, he says, crush the desire to have sex today in order to enjoy it at a later date when one is economically lasting is doing an injustice to this natural biological drive that one is born with. logically speaking, if these desires were not meant to be satisfied, why then do they exist in the first place? Why does their gratification have to be suppressed all in the name of civilization? In Marcuses words and opinion, it is very possib le for these two factors to harmoniously co-exist (Herbert, p.67)Incorporate some historical context surrounding Herbert Marcuse.Herbert Marcuse was a German philosopher born in Berlin in the category 1898 and died in 1979. He was a minute thinker who in his life story wrote a lot of philosophical works among them being Eros and Civilization, One dimensional patch and The Aesthetic Dimension. In his early youthful years, he joined the German army and he later found his way into the soldiers council that participated in the Sparta cist uprising where he became a members. By the year 1922 he had completed his Ph.D. thesis at the University of Freiburg. He moved to Berlin after this and worked with a publishing house and while at it met and married Sophie Wertheim, who was a mathematician. In 1924 he and some other writer by the name of Martin Heidegger, whom he referred to as his greatest teacher, wrote a bulk by the title Hegels Ontology and Theory of Historicity, which was la ter print in the year 1932. In 1933 after Marcuses academic race was blocked by the rise of the Third Reich, he joined the capital of Kentucky Institute for Social research. In the same year he published his own review of Marxs Economic and philosophic Manuscripts of 1844. This was the first publication that helped him gain a social standing as a theorist of his generation. He did not step here because while still a member is the Institute, he created a model for critical social theory by creating a theory on capitalism. In this theory he described the relationships between philosophy, sociology and cultural criticism. He went ahead and provided a criticism and analysis of German fascism. His works were boosted by the fact that he closely worked with critical theorist while in Frankfurt Institute (Herbert, p.301).In an analysis and critique of Marxs woks, Marcuse argued that many of Marxs thoughts had become too rigid for life and that they unavoidable a phenomenological view in order to become revived and to break to the modern-day life. This is bearing in mind that Marx had neglected individuality in his writings, yet Herbert was for liberation of humanity from the philosophical ideologies that held him captive. Herbert views a world where society would transform from capitalism to socialism. His written report and critique of Hegels Ontology and theory of Historicity also had some study contributions to the Hegel renaissance that took place in Europe around the same time. His was an emphasis on the theory of spirit and dialects, which greatly shaped the result of the Hegel. Herbert became quite an observer on anything and everything about society, from politics, to economics to social interactions. So ingrained was he in analyzing society that in 1941 he wrote his own account book in English whose title was Reason and Revolution. The book traced the propagation of Hegel, Marx and modern social theory. In 1934 he had become a social radical and he fled from the Institute of social research in which he was based then and went to the United States where he lived for the rest of his life ((Herbert, p.304).Marcuse served in the Office of Street services and in the government offices in the years between 1941 and 1950. It was his experience in this workforce that led him to write the book Eros and Civilization. In his view, the US government was motivated by a desire to overcome fascism. It was in this book that Herbert tried to synthesize Marx and Freuds ideologies and to bring out an outline of a non-repressive society. He argued that the suggested repressed conscious in human being is expressed through daydreams, works of art, philosophy and other works of cultural projection. In his works, Marcuse hoped to bring out the possible outlines of non-repressive civilization characterized by libidinal and non alienated labor, play, free and open sexuality and liberation of humanity into freedom and happiness. His desire and vision fo r a liberated society gave shape to many of his 1960s writings and this is what helped him to become a major political, social and intellectual influence during his lifetime and years after his death.It was during his land tenure at Brandeis University in the year 1958 that Marcuse published a critical study of the Soviet Union (Soviet Marxism) and his view and opinions are what brought to an end the taboo that existed inside the government circles of criticizing the USSR and Soviet communism. He distanced himself from those people who had a tendency of regard Soviet communism as a bureaucratic system that was not capable of reforms and democracy. To him, the Union possessed the potential to become liberal and this therefore was seen in reality in 1980 when the union came under the rule of Gorbavech. In an attempt to theorize the potential decline of capitalism, Marcuse published yet another critical book known as One Dimensional Man in 1964. He argued that the industrial society had succeeded in creating false needs in which individuals would be so much ingrained to satisfy that they would embarrass about everything else that pertains their lives. Media, industrial management, advertising and contemporary modes of thinking all worked in perfect harmony in order to keep humanity from complaining, electronegativity and opposition. As a result, man became a one-dimensional creature while his very aptitude and ability for critical thinking withered away. This book was severely criticized by orthodox Marxists and other theorists. However, it remains a great influence in the New Left as it was in the knife edge for a demand of revolutionary change that earned Marcuse the respect of naked radicals ((Herbert, p.216).ConclusionEros and Civilization has continued to be a great piece of philosophical criticism that arouses mixed feeling among other philosophers and theorists. Marcuse is today a renowned social, political and economic critic although his influence is slowly but surely waning. However, this fading of his influence can greatly be attributed to the fact that there are not many writings that have followed since the publication of Eros and Civilization to support his works. However, this does not mean that his works have no relevance to the contemporary society we live in today. Marcuse presents humanity with rich and unbeatable philosophical views on human beings and their relationship to society in terms of nature, social theory and radical politics. In addition, Marcuse had a vision of the existence of a liberal, repression-free society that allowed people to attain happiness without necessarily postponing gratification. Marcuse comes out very strongly as a sharp, keen and ever-present social analyst. In other writings, he brings out the relationship between technology, economy, and culture and everydays life and even predicts a fast change. In as much as technology was not so advanced in those days, we in the twenty first cen tury can witness what this philosopher predicated. Marcuse had a great desire to leave behind a legacy and this he achieved without much struggle. Eros and Civilization, if well studied and study forms a basis on which society can become free from oppression and repression and people can learn to live a day at a time.Work citedHerbert M., Eros and Civilization A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud, London, Routledge, 1987

Impact of Dumping and Agricultural Subsidies on Developing Countries

Impact of dump and Agricultural Subsidies on Developing CountriesThe depot bonus is often utilize in the economic context of delectation, simply the creation behind it fails to extradite been defined appropriately for t out(a) ensemble practical pur sires. The limit is nigh often used synonymously with administrational transfer of property to an entity in the reclusive bena, or it may refer to the provision of a good or service at a time value to a lower place what a private entity would new(prenominal)wise restrain had to mystify for it. Moreoer, it may to a fault refer to different presidency policies that may favorably figure the warlike position of private entities, in the multifariousness of procurement policies or course of instructions to make grow workers. Ambiguity continues to prevail with respect to the aforementioned measures as subsidies in the signifi suffert sense of the experimental condition.1G overnments engage in a wide be apt( p) of value and outlay policies that impose lives and lend benefits on entities belonging to the private sector. To an economist, perhaps a natural phenomenon for identifying subsidization is a hypothetical commercialise symmetricalness without presidencyal activity. The classic economic models of familiar competitive equilibrium, for example, atomic number 18 entirely decentralized and embody no government sector.2The government makes an foundation by way of taxation and expenditure policies, this alters equilibrium harms and create. Activities for which the net returns argon p atomic number 18d be discouraged to around degree, and those activities be then capacity to be taxed. Activities for which the net returns argon enhanced impart be promote to a degree, and they may be s attend to be subsidized.The difficulty with this plan of subsidization is that it is passing difficult to apply as a practical matter. The hypothetical market equilibrium without governm ent rotter non be observed, and indeed is non go off that the concept is coherent. Implicit in the classic customary equilibrium models is a capacity for actors to engage in transactions, that it is difficult to arrest how such a capacity can arise in a large economy without a government to establish property rights. Further, the deviations from either benchmark equilibrium that result from government activity are exceedingly complex. Governments engage in a wide variety of taxation practice, non completely are the number of tax instruments large in number, tot all in ally the incidence of the various taxes is often quite uncertain. Governments also engage in innumerable regulatory curriculums that impose be on private entities of various sorts in the form of occupational health and safety programs, environmental tincture programs, programs to transfer re ancestrys to certain disadvantaged groups, and untold others. Fin eithery, government expenditure programs tolera te vast benefits to private sector entities in direct and indirect ways, including frequent education, highways, research and development funding, low approach insurance, fire and earnest services, a profound system, and on and on.Against this backdrop, it is surely impossible in practice to feel the precise opposition of governmental activity on each entity gibe to the sort of benchmark put forth above. The simplest alternative is to look at each government program in isolation, and to ignore the call into question of whether some(prenominal) benefits conferred may be offset by costs in some other form. If a particular program confers benefits on a private entity, a premium is declared to exist without further inquiry.Further it is plausible to arrogate that by and large relevant tax, expenditure and regulatory policies affect most tapeprises well-nigh in equal standards and thus do not confer all form of subsidy. Programs of narrow applicability that target benefi ts at particular industries, by contrast, might be assumed to confer benefits that return along crosswayion in that intentness. To illustrate, a government might make an investment tax deferred payment available to all industries that use durable goods, on the premise that all industries benefit about equally and that any(prenominal) affects on supranational fight wash out through and through ex change over rates, such a program might be ignored for purposes of identifying subsidies. By contrast, if the automobile industry is the beneficiary of a special tax credit program for investment in automobile manu detailuring, a subsidy might be found as to that industry.Yet another alternative is to focus on the match of government on private activities relative to the reach of other governments on in addition situated entities elsewhere. In the international context, one might look for programs that see to confer particularly large benefits on particular entities relative to the benefits that governments confer on standardised entities in other countries. The premise would be that most governments tax and regulate in somewhat identical make, resulting in similar effects on the competitive position of most private entities solitary(prenominal) when a program for a particular group of private entities stands out as especially generous relative to such other programs would a subsidy be present. Thus, for example, if most governments provide a certain range of benefits to their put upers, those programs might be presumed to generate a cancelation affect in international swop more than or less, and no subsidy would be found. to each one of these alternatives exhaust obvious deficiencies. The first has the virtue of simplicity, but its essential flunk has been noted above by ignoring the offsetting costs imposed by government on private actors it raises a great danger that subsidization provide be found where a private entity has not been meani ngfully advantaged by government programs. Indeed, because so many government programs are funded out of general revenues, a narrow focus on particular government expenditure programs without any offset for various forms of taxation would lead to the conclusion that in that location is rampant subsidization.The second alternative deals with the insuperable complexities of calculating the net regard of national governments on house servant industries which are avoided by assuming that largely applicable programs collapse a neutral impact while targeted programs do not. But there is no reason to intend that this assumption is correct. umteen broadly applicable programs have widely disparate effects on different industries.The tierce alternative brings out another dimension, and treats subsidization as an alteration in the competitive position of private entities relative to similar entities elsewhere. This shift in emphasis perhaps captures the notion that subsidization involve s tilting the acting field, and might be defended on that basis. This assumption has inherent practical problems the presumption that most governments tax and regulate similarly with respect to background factors that affect the competitive position of private entities is highly suspect, and the mere fact that a particular type of program exists in one rural and not another, or is more generous in one democracy than in another, is at beaver a weak marker for a program that shifts the competitive balance overall.In sum, it is far easier to conceptualize a subsidy in simple economic models that it is to identify a subsidy in practice. Any administrative rule for determining whether a particular government program is in relation to subsidy or not forget result in serious errors of over-inclusion and under(a)-inclusion.The OECD, which estimates artless subsidies, uses a broad comment that includes any government insurance policy that distorts the market such that values do n ot reflect bare(a) costs. So a tariff on consequences, which taxes consumers by raising the price of imported inelegant products to benefit manufacturers, is a subsidy, fitting like a direct payment to a conjureer. That however is not the common understanding of a subsidy. Their definition is narrower, referring only to government payments that suspend prices to remain downstairs marginal costs. Some are direct, such as payments to farmers others are indirect, such as government support for irrigation infrastructure, which allows producers to exclude that cost from their prices. The OECDs Producer Support Estimate (herein after PSE) is the most widely used estimate of the inelegant subsidies provided to the farmers on the straight countries.The PSE has been challenged by the highly-developed nations on the grounds that the two-thirds of the estimate is comprised of not the direct support provided to the farmers but sooner what is referred to as the non-subsidy support. T his component of the PSE includes the market price support which is essentially the tariffs, price support and quotas. Despite the fact that none of these are subsidies per se yet he OECD figure tries to calculate the dollar estimate of this figure and carry it in the PSE.3Dumping An OverviewIn economics, dumping can refer to any form of predatory pricing, and is by most definitions a form of price discrimination. as yet, the word is without delay generally used only in the context of international muckle law, where dumping is defined as the act of a manufacturer in one country exportinging a product to another country at what may be perceived as an unreasonably low price, usually meaning below the costs of labor. The term has a negative connotation, but advocates that free markets see dumping as beneficial for consumers. When these subsidized goods are exported to foreign markets it can be referred to as dumping.4More than 40 members of the World foxiness Organization (her ein after WTO) are now active users of antidumping policy, and developing countries are the newest and most frequent users. However many developing countries have started using antidumping to limit imports, thereby having given up other forms of flexibility in trade policy by adopting WTO straighten outs and agreeing to bind their tariffs. Despite antidumping policys escalating use by developing countries, relatively pocket-sized is known about which industries within developing countries are using antidumping and how they are using it.Under the WTO Antidumping Agreement, any member that uses the policy must(prenominal) create an administrative procedure to investigate demands for antidumping trade resistance. Firms in an industry that seek this form of import guard must overcome the organizational challenges of free travel in order to initiate and successfully pursue an antidumping legal proceeding. ahead a government can impose a definitive antidumping import restriction, the Agreement also requires that its administrating authority solicit and collect substantial economic take the stand to confirm that market conditions and behavior of foreign exporters satisfy proficient, WTO mandated legal criteria. Nevertheless, given that antidumping has become many WTO member governments protectionist instrument, the resulting pattern of antidumping import protection across industries may be an increasingly important indicator of these countries overall patterns of import protection.While the four historical developed-country users of antidumping the US, EU, Canada and Australia have continued to be active users under the WTO, they are no longer the dominant users as they were during the prior decade (1985-1994) under the GATT regime. A sizable share of the worldwide use of antidumping, at least as measured by the frequence of initiated cases and imposed measures, is now made up of new user developing countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, India, Inthroughsia, Mexico, Peru, Turkey and Venezuela, the nine developing countries forming the sample of our lump data- ground investigation.5WTO and the Agreement on AgricultureAn attempt to regulate the protection afforded to the farmers in the developed countries and the tariff rates in the developing countries through the Agreement on Agriculture which is an international treaty of the World trade in Organization. It was negotiated during the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (herein after GATT), and entered into might with the establishment of the WTO on January 1, 1995. This AoA is based on trinity concepts or pillars which are home(prenominal) support, market admission fee and export subsidies.However not a lot has changed since the AoA was implemented. The document hinged precariously on eliminating cultivation subsidies as a grassroots step in getting the fiscal house in order. cognise well that any diminution in subsidies would be politic ally suicidal, the developed countries managed to not only maintain the level of subsidies but in fact succeeded in increasing it manifold. At the same time, they continue to arm-twist the developing countries to reduce tariffs and vindicated up markets for farm goods from the industrialized countries. As already stated, the developed nations often believe that the PSE is not an accurate indicator of the amount of the protection afforded by them and have repeatedly challenged this statistic. In this paper the research worker will analyze the subsidies granted to the verdant sector in the developed nations, its impact on the developing nations and the role played by the WTO in negotiations mingled with these two blocs.C h a p t e r 1 A g r i c u l t u r a l S u b s i d i e s a n d D u m p i ng in t h e D e v e l o p e d N a t i o n sWidespread dumping by the develop Nations The WTO Antidumping Agreement and the Theory of Endogenous Trade Policy January 1, 2005 marked the 10-yea r anniversary of the World Trade Organizations Agreement on Agriculture (AoA). When governments launched the agreement, they hailed it as a victory for farmers around the world farmers were to benefit from more trade, greater access to markets and higher prices. A decade later, there is unquestionably more trade in agrarian products. However, higher and fair prices for farmers seem further outside than ever. It is hard to make the case that the Agreement on Agriculture has done anything to benefit farmers anywhere in the world. Since the WTOs inception, widespread uncouth dumping, the selling of products at below their cost of production, by global agri handicraft companies based in the coupled States and European Union has wreaked havoc on global agricultural markets. Hit hardest are the farmers in the developing and the least developed nations who have been forced to go out of business because of these policies.The Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP) has documente d export dumping from U.S.-based multinational corporations onto world agricultural markets for the last 14 age. The U.S. is one of the worlds largest sources of dumped agricultural commodities. The latest update shows that the US still strives large scale dumping the five most ordinarily exported products namely wheat, soybean, corn, cotton and rice. Though the statistic shows that the amount of dumping has gone elaborate as compared to the previous statistic but this is perceived to be largely as a result of the reduced supply because of bad weather and fella infestation than as a change in policy.6The proliferation of WTO-authorized antidumping laws and the global affix in use of this form of administered import protection has been widely recognized (Miranda, Torres and Ruiz 1998 Prusa, 2001 Zanardi, 2004). While antidumping was once a policy instrument used primarily by the US, Canada, EU and Australia, it is now used actively by over 40 WTO member countries. To develop a theoretical motivation for our empirical analysis of the determinants of antidumping use by industries in developing countries, we proceed in two steps. In the next section we describe the WTO Antidumping Agreement, which sets out the general rules for national administration of antidumping law as well as the technical evidence necessary for a government to justify imposition of any new antidumping measure. Given the political-economic environment created by the WTO Antidumping Agreement, in section we use the theory of endogenous trade policy to generate additional testable predictions for the econometric analysis.The WTOs evidentiary requirements for national use of antidumpingSince the 1947 GATT, the rules of the international work system have authorized countries to establish national antidumping statutes and to implement antidumping trade restrictions.7During the Kennedy and Tokyo Rounds in the 1960s and 1970s, negotiators attempted to put more structure on the GATT antidumpi ng rules, but countries adopted the resulting Antidumping Codes only on a plurilateral basis. The 1995 inception of the WTO and its Antidumping Agreement (WTO, 1995) provided more detailed guidance for countries to implement and administer antidumping laws.8First, because the Antidumping Agreement was part of the wiz Undertaking, it established a common set of basic rules that would apply to all WTO members and be subject to the enforcement provisions of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU).9Second, relative to the GATT, the WTO Antidumping Agreement did impose more structure on the evidentiary requirements for a government to implement a new antidumping measure, although those requirements still allow for substantial government circumspection and are at best questionable from the lieu of economic welfare.Under the Antidumping Agreement, a national government must undertake an investigation and consider substantial economic evidence before it can impose a definitive ant idumping measure that restricts imports. The investigating authority is instructed to consider a number of factors when making its decision, but most critical among them are whether two important legal criteria have been met that a domestic industry suffers material injury and that this injury is the result of dumped imports.The domestic industry provides evidence of dumping to the national governments antidumping authority by showing that prices of competing products sold by foreign exporters in the domestic market were lower than the normal value of the product (WTO, 1995 Article 2.1). The national government authority has substantial discretion in calculating the normal value benchmark with which to compare the export price. The benchmark can be determined by any of three methods i) the price for sales of the same good in the exporters home market, ii) the price for export sales of the same good in a third market, or iii) a constructed measure of the exporters average cost.10Dump ing in the United states Dumping by U.S.-based corporations is possible because commodity production is badly managed. The 1996 and 2002 U.S. rear Bills have produced a vast structural, price-depressing oversupply of most major agricultural commodities. This oversupply has driven prices down. Both the 1996 and 2002 Farm Bills were driven by efforts to make them compliant with WTO rules. The result has been the institutionalization of agricultural dumping by U.S. farm policy. U.S. farm subsidies are frequently blamed for agricultural dumping, yet they are only a symptom of a much deeper market failure. The sharp annexs in agricultural dumping in the U.S. can be traced to the 1996 U.S. Farm Bill, which scanty away already weakened programs that were designed to manage supply. These supply attention programs helped to balance supply with demand, ensuring a fair return to farmers from the marketplace. The pre-1996 commodity programs in effect set a floor price that commodity buyers had to pay farmers. Given the structural imbalance in market author amongst farmers and agribusiness corporations, the government traditionally intervened to ensure competitive markets and prevent anticompetitive business practices.11In 1996, the U.S. government abandoned intervention implements at the behest of agribusiness lobbyists, support by free trade economists. The result U.S. agricultural prices went into freefall. Without the supply lead programs and other interventions, commodity buyers were able to drive prices below the costs of production and leave them there. To prevent the collapse of U.S. agriculture, Congress then set up counter-cyclical payments to make up part of the losses resulting from the Farm Bill reforms. The U.S. now has very expensive farm programs that distort market signals while doing null to correct the deeper distortion inherent in the unbalanced market power between farmers and commodity buyers and processors.12The event of dumping in itself do es not pose a major problem for the international community but what has been a constant source of concern is the widespread damage that has caused to the developing countries.13The researcher shall devote the next two chapters of this project to discuss the damage that have been caused all around the world because of dumping by the developed countries and the mechanism employed by the WTO to counter this problem and how far that has been successful.C h a p t e r 2 T h e I m p a c t o f D u m p i n g a n d A g r i c u l t u r a l S u b s i d i e s o n D e v e l o p i n g C o u n t r i e s.Ten old age after the World Trade Organization (WTO) came into existence, and some 20 years after the holy grail of economic liberalization for more open markets and less government intervention in the developing world based on the idea that economies must grow if poor people are to reap the benefits of globalization, the tragedy is that the process of economic liberalization may already have set poor communities back a generation.14No where has the impact been more severely felt up than in the agricultural sector.Conventional recognition has it that the agricultural sector is heavily subsidized in most developed nations. Whatever difficulties may arise in determining the net impact of government on industries in general, most observers seem to agree that agriculture is a net beneficiary of government largesse.It is ironic that the one sector considered to be the most subsidized is subject to the least degree of discipline on subsidies (among goods markets). As noted, twain export and domestic subsidies are generally permissible under the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, though subject to negotiated ceilings and some reduction over time.The absence of tight discipline on export subsidies is unfortunate for the reasons discussed at length earlier. Export subsidies are almost for sure a source of economic distortion, and indeed the agricultural sector affords a case study of how pressures for competitive subsidization have led trading nations down the road of mutually wasteful expenditures.The resistance to the elimination of domestic farm programs is likely a source of economic waste as well, for much the same reason that any form of protectionism is a source of waste. But as indicated in the discussion of prophylactic subsidies, it is hardly clear that protection through subsidization is any worse from an economic stand than other forms of protection. Thus, if the political equilibrium is such that agriculture must be protected, domestic farm programs may be no more troublesome that border measures.One objection that might be tabled to the continued coexistence of domestic farm programs and protective border measures for the same commodities (assuming that protection is inevitable) is that septuple protective measures complicate trade negotiations. If country A wishes to bargain for access to the agricultural markets of country B, it is harder to evaluate the benefits of a tariff concession from country B in the face of a subsidy program that also protects farmers in country B. The added transaction costs of negotiation in the face of multiple instruments of protection can be avoided by channeling all protection into a single, transparent policy instrument-this is the essential rationale for efforts in the WTO/GATT system toward tariffication of all trade barriers.Yet, the prevalence of domestic farm programs intimates that border measures alone are inadequate to the task of achieving the anticompetitive purposes compelled by current politics. One need only look at the United States, which is a net exporter of many agricultural commodities, to realize that import restrictions may do little to ensure politically acceptable prices or rates of return to the producers of certain commodities.Thus, perhaps the best that can be done is to schedule all the protective policies, both subsidies and tariffs, and bargain over both simul taneously to achieve limits on their magnitude. This is the sexual climax of the Agriculture Agreement, and one might reasonably hope that sequential rounds of negotiations over these protective instruments in the agricultural area will produce stepwise liberalization, much as the sequence of negotiating rounds under GATT brought great reductions in the tariffs applicable elsewhere.There is also something to be said for the effort in cast up 2 of the Agriculture Agreement to favor subsidies that do not encourage railroad siding. To the degree that subsidies are being granted for reasons that do not tint to the correction of an externality, programs that confer financial benefits on the intended recipients without inducing an refinement of their end product may create fewer distortions. The caveat, of course, relates to the fundamental problem of identifying subsidies in the first instance-an output-expanding subsidy might counteract some distortion associated with other tax a nd regulatory policies. But in the agriculture sector, where most observers believe that net subsidies are present at the outset, efforts to channel farm aid into programs that do not stimulate agricultural production may make good sense.Subsidies to the producers of goods and services lower the producers costs of production, other things being equal. This reduction in their costs of production can lead to an expansion of their output in two ways, depending on the nature of the subsidy. First, some subsidies depend promptly on output-the subsidy program may provide a producer with $1 for each gubbins that it produces, for example (or $1 for each widget that it exports, the classic export subsidy discussed below). Subsidies that increase with output in this fashion are economically equivalent to a reduction in the short marginal costs of production for the producer that receives them. In general, producers will reply to a reduction in short-run marginal costs by lowering price. Of course, when price falls, the quantity demanded by buyers will rise and output will expand to meet the increased demand.Second, even where the amount of the subsidy is not contingent on output and does not affect short-run marginal costs of production, subsidies can affect long-term marginal costs in a way that causes additional productive capacity to come on line or to remain on line. For example, imagine an bootless company that is unable to cover its varying costs of production at any level of output, and would thus shut down its operations under ordinary circumstances. A subsidy to that company that is contingent on it remain in business can avert a shut-down in operations-it must simply be enough to allow the company to cover its variable costs at some level of output. Likewise, a subsidy can induce a company to build new capacity to enter a market when the expected returns to entry absent the subsidy would not be high enough to induce entry.It is also possible, to be su re, that a subsidy will have no impact on the output of recipients. Imagine, for example, that a government simply sends a company an unexpected oblige for $1 million. The money is in no way contingent on the companys output, or on it remaining in business. The owners of the company will be pleased to receive this subsidy, of course, but there is no reason for them to change their operations in any way-whatever level of output was most economic without the subsidy will also be most profitable with the subsidy.These observations suggest another important issue that must be confronted in conceptualizing subsidies. For a government program to confer a subsidy, must it encourage an increase in output by the recipient? If it does not, then it cannot tilt the contend field in a way that causes detriment to competing producers. But if this question is answered affirmatively, it becomes necessary to inquire whether the government program in question affects marginal costs in the short ru n, or has an effect on long-run marginal cost that is sufficient to cause capacity to remain in production when it would exit otherwise, or to enter when it would not otherwise. Such issues are not always easily resolved.15The adverse effect of Dumping Dumping in amongst the most harmful of all price distortions developing country agriculture, vital for food security, rural livelihoods, poverty reduction and generating foreign exchange, is gamy by the competition from major commodities sold at well below cost of production prices in world markets. The structural price first gear associated with agricultural dumping and a dual effect on the agricultural structure of the developing countries. Firstly, as a result of the below cost imports the farmers are driven out of their domestic markets. If the farmers do not have access to a safety net of subsidies and credit, they have to abandon their land. When this happens, the farm economy shrinks, in turn shrinking the rural economy as a whole and sending rural people into trade-related migration. Second, developing country farmers who sell their products to exporters find their global market share undermined by the policy of a depressed global price. The cascading effects of dumping are felt around the world in places as far apart as Jamaica, Burkina Faso and the Philippines.16The effect of Dumping on Indian Agriculture The liberalization of the Indian economy initiated during the early 1990s was launched with a view to accelerating agricultural growth by ending discrimination against agriculture. The idea was to turn the terms of trade in favor of agriculture through a large, real devaluation of the money and increase in output prices of agriculture. An exponential growth was expected which was to have a significant impact on poverty reduction and thereby have a positive impact on livelihood security of hundreds