Cuban Missile Crisis Decision Making

Cuban rocket Crisis Decision MakingIntroductionA conclusiveness can be defined as the culmination of a thought process analysing a problem. Good decision reservation is vital for the well being and synthetic rubber of a man. M whatsoever men who realize non accustomed it a thought concur come to grief because of poor decisions. Natur aloney we put to work poor decisions all from m to time, just a man ineluctably to rediscover himself and identify those qualities, which are critical to good decision making.historic perspectiveBackgroundAfter the Second World War, most of the countries in Europe and Latin America became a fertile land for delegate wars between the two superpowers, i.e. USSR and USA. duration the Soviet Union campaigned for communism in their areas of influence the USA promoted liberal democratic determine and capitalism. The race for beingness domination was much(prenominal) that both the superpowers come outd the nuclear arms race and always prepar ed for a nuclear wear in their soil from the debate camp. Naturally, they wanted to place nuclear missiles in areas that could reach the enemy commonwealth in terms of the range of the missiles. The Cuban projectile crisis was an example of such strategies.American intelligenceThe crisis came to surface on 14th October 1962 when the intelligence images provided by American U2 reconnaissance flights showed almost spots in Cuba which were installing and paltry nuclear missiles. death chair Kennedy and principal foreign policy and theme plea officials were briefed on the U-2 findings and discussions were held virtually the course of deed to be taken in response to the nuclear threat. Two principal innovations were formulated an air strike and impact, or a naval quarantine with the threat of further war machine action. electric chair Kennedy decided to keep the findings confidential from the public eye, so as to avoid the chaos that would follow in response to such as dange rous nuclear threat. As American military units started being deployed in bases in S out(p)h Eastern US, President Kennedys official schedules were maintain while secret discussions were terminusically held with advisers to monitor the developments and come up with strategies to mobilise the positioning.During this time, Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko in a visit to President Kennedy said that the Soviet aid being provided to Cuba were for defensive purposes and would pose no threat to the US. The US president kept the deposeation he had about the nuclear missiles confidential. even, he also mentioned to the Soviet Foreign Minister that any threat to American interior(a) security would be dealt with in a harsh manner. Meanwhile, more images of from another U2 flight showed additional sites and the number of missiles were estimated to be between 16 to 32.American Response plansAfter 5 eld of deliberations about the response to be taken, it was decided to go ahead with the plan to quarantine Cuba by US Navy ships. A decision to inform the American citizens was also taken.On the sixth mean solar day, President Kennedy was informed by General Walter Sweeney of the Tactical bank line Command who tells him that an air strike could not guarantee 100% decease of the missiles.To want the advice of his predecessors former Presidents Hoover, Truman, and Eisenhower were briefed about the situation on the 7th day. The president also established the Executive charge of the National Security Council to monitor the crisis everyday, and also informed his ally the British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan of the situation.A earn was also send to Soviet leader Khrushchev in which President Kennedy argued about the futile effort of a nuclear confrontation which would result in a catastrophic destruction of all tripies touch as well as the whole world. The president addressed the American citizens about the situation the same day in a televised conference.On t he 23rd of October, the USA starts diplomatic maneuvers to gather supranational support against the aggression of the Soviets. Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs Edwin Martin seeks a resolution of support from the Organization of American States. embassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson lays the disposal issue before the U.N. Security Council.In this period, the American ships of the naval quarantine languish move into place around Cuba. Soviet submarines threaten the quarantine by moving into the Caribbean area. However, Khrushchev clubs Soviet ships on their way to Cuba to stop in the Atlantic about 750 miles remote. This prevents a confrontation but, the oil tanker Bucharest continues towards Cuba. In the evening Robert Kennedy meets with Ambassador Dobrynin at the Soviet Embassy.Russian Response and American Counter responseOn the 24th of October the Soviet premier sends a letter to President Kennedy. President Khrushchevs response to the lett er sent by US president Kennedy indicated that the Soviets were not willing to take away projectiles and blamed the US for showing aggression by carrying out a naval quarantine. According to the Soviets, the US was trying to intimidate them by threatening to use force against the Soviet ship thereby, endangering international peace.The next day, Kennedy writes a letter to Khrushchev to urge him to step d aver. He had been briefed that some of the missiles in Cuba had already become ope intelligent. Meanwhile, the U.N. tries to negotiate a settlement by suggesting a unmindful period for cooling down the tension. However, it is rejected by the US because the missiles could be deployed at any time given that it had already become ope perspicaciously ready. U.S. Ambassador Adlai Stevenson in a debate at the Security Council shows the photographs of the missiles in mien of the Soviet ambassador Valerian Zorin.The US president also orders his Air Force to increase the number of flights over Cuba from at a time a day to twice a day, so as to gather more intelligence.Photographic show shows accelerated construction of the missile sites and the uncrating of Soviet IL-28 bombers at Cuban airfields.During this period Cuban president Fidel Castro urges the Soviets to initiate a nuclear first strike, but Khrushchev is not prepared for a nuclear war. So, he sends a letter to Kennedy with an offer to exterminate the missiles if the Americans agree to lift the quarantine along with a promise that it will not invade Cuba.American intelligence in this period shows that construction activities of missile sites are progressing at an alarming speed, so the USA starts discussing about invading Cuba to control the missile sites. However, they become concerned that invading Cuba would definitely result in a war that could knock over nuclear.On the 12th day of the crisis another letter from Moscow is have in Washington. This letter demands the removal of American missile from Turkey in vary for removal of missiles from Cuba. Deliberation in Washington decides to ignore this blink of an eye letter and respond only to the previous one. At the mean time the American Air force is kept in high rattling(a) to be ready for an invasion, if it is decided.Later that night, Robert Kennedy, President Kennedys confidante meets secretly with Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin where it is agreed that the Soviets would remove the missiles under United Nations supervision in exchange for an American pledge not to invade Cuba.Theories used in crisis decision makingRational actor object lessonRational actor model attempts to describe a states behavior as that of a perfectly sage individual, who is normally assumed to have perfect situational knowledge, and who attempts to optimize whatever values/ endings are sought in a given situation. (Slantchev, 2005).The basic presumption of this model is that in a difficult situation nation mete out all options and act rationally to maximize their utility.Under this modelGovernments are treated as the primary actor.The political relation examines a set of goals, evaluates them agree to their utility, then picks the one that has the highest payoff.The action is chosen as a measured solution to a strategic problemExplanation consists of showing what goal the government was pursuing when it acted and how the action was a reasonable choice given the nations objectiveThe formal way of defining rational actor model is by using quatern key concepts.In order to determinethe possible cause of actions of nations following criteria must be analyzed. Scrutinize schooling of this concept also reveals the process of development of decision by national leader.(1) The Goals and Objectives of the Nation,(2) The Alternatives,(3) The Consequences,4) The Choice the nation madeOrganization process modelAn organisational process model is one of the decision making model in which there is time and nurture limitations and Decisi on makers regard does not seek an optimal solution rather attempts to find a solution which achieves a set (minimum) goal, and minimizes risk of failure.The organizational model focuses mainly on four conceptsOn the type of conclave and office involvedType of instructionThe task being doneThe task that the groups are actually undefendable of doingThis model attempts to forecast thefuture activities of organization based on its present activity. The organizations involved in the decision making were military, Intelligence, black-and-blue house. The personnel involved were some core group decision makers.The type of information that the group got was from the CIA efforts of assemblage data on Cuba and a standard protocol that planned airreconnaissance in the Cuban air space .The detail information about the presence of missile proved to be important. But there were also critique that the information provided was not in timeKennedy chose the option of naval blockade in Cuba. It was made possible by the factthat, A big and secure navy already existed in U.S. and Navy had already prepared and rehearsed a comprehensive operational plan.The organization process model attempts to define action that is otherwise not described by rational actor model. It explains all the actions during the crisis are not only the result of rational decision making but also the consequence of normal organizational processes.For example, in Cuban missile crisis, the strategy of Russians was different at different time period. While the ships were being taken to Cuba, the secrecy and camouflage was given the highest priority. But once the ship reached Cuba, there priority shifted on building missile bases.The government administration modelThe third model is recognized as thegovernmental politics model or bureaucratic model and is characterized by the use of non-homogeneous decision makers and committee leadership.(Sexton, 2007) . The Government politics model adopted by the admi nistration of the US president highlightsThe personalities of individuals,Their backgrounds andTheinterdependent influences among each other in a group.President Kennedy selected the core group advisors and depended on them for taking decision. The advisors also comprised of his own brother Robert, the nations Attorney General at the time and TheodoreSorenson. Governmental demeanour ModelA Governmental Behavior Model focuses on the individuals that took part in the decision making , their background , their personality traits , the level of information they had and their overall influence in overall decision making process. It trys that actions may not be the result of one monolithic entity choosing the most rational action, but rather the integrated and refined effort of many good deal with different background, objectives, information and estimates of outcomes that were discussed and compromised. For example, Kennedy put together a committee of advisors, including his national security advisor, the head of the state department, the head of the DoD, and other acting government leaders, a former ambassador to Russia, a retired State Department administrator, and others. The Transcripts of tapes of the White House discussions, the book that were made public later clearly shows the debating and decision-making process. It includes how various members of the discussion brought up ideas, changed sides, and fused their ideas together.. (John, 2010)Small group modelIn the Cuban missile crisis, The decision making process reflected the small group model . The decision was solely made by the EXCOMM and the president. This model emphasize on the need for secrecy, decisiveness in policy making, speed and an ungodly degree of liquidity in the flow of information to and from the White House.(Gopalan, 2014). President Kennedy created the Executive Committee of the National Security Council (EXCOM) to advise him on the Cuban Missile Crisis. The EXCOMM was formally est ablished by National Security act Memorandum 196 on Oct 22, 1962.Outcome of Cuban missile CrisisKennedy certainly came out of the crisis with a reputation greatly enhanced in the west. Khrushchev, for his part, was deemed by his colleagues to have suffered a humiliation, and the crisis was one of the issues that led to his being deposed in October 1964.They both have showed responsible leadership and a means to find a imperturbable resolution. They both have rejected hard-line advices and were careful not to escalate the crisis. Khrushchev might even be said to have shown greater courage in making what was publicly seen as the larger concessions.In the upshot of the crisis they both worked to improve relation and prevent a recurrence of such a confrontation. The hotline allowing direct communication between both leaders was installed and the overtone Test Ban Treaty of September 1963 signified a initiatory step towards arm control. Kennedys hope to build on these steps, savage ly ended by his assassination in November 1963, further heightened his statesman- like image.However both men had acted recklessly in bringing the crisis about. Khrushchev and Castro should have realized the danger of secretly introducing nuclear weapons into Cuba. They could not be kept secret, and the US reaction should have been predictable. Conventional forces, perhaps a couple of Soviet armored brigades, should have been enough to deter a US invasion of Cuba, without risking a major confrontation. And Kennedy could have too secretly requested to remove the missile, might have avoided a confrontation.Finally, the world was fortunate that the greatest crisis of the arctic War era was deescalated. If the technology advances have made missile engross shorter and submarines quitter and when decisions could be made in minutes, the consequences could easily have been catastrophic. After the Cuban Missile Crisis both sides were careful to avoid such circumstances. One Missile Crisis was enough.BibliographyAllison, G. P. (1999). encumbrance of Decision. New York Longman.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BureaucracyCuban Missile crisis. (2014). Retrieved April 18, 2014, from HISTORY http//www.history.com/topics/cold-war/cuban-missile-crisisCuban Missile Crisis. (2014). Retrieved April 23, 2014, from John of Keneddy Presidential Library and Museum. http//www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/Cuban-Missile-Crisis.aspx.Elite theory. (2014, 25 April). Retrieved April 30, 2014, from Wikipedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite_theoryEssence of Decision. (2014, May 03). Retrieved May 03, 2014, from Wikipedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence_of_DecisionGopalan, K. (2014). Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Retrieved April 24, 2014, from FOREIGN POLICY daybook http//www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2010/08/16/kennedy-and-the-cuban-missile-crisis/John, M. (2010, January 12). Essense of Decision Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Retrieved april 23, 2014, from Essense of Decision Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis http//marieljohn.blogspot.com/2010/01/essense-of-decision-explaining-cuban.htmlL.Slantchev. (n.d.). Chapter 13. Decision Making in Politics. . Retrieved April 24, 2014, from The Challenge of politics , the introduction of political science http//college.cqpress.com/sites/challenge/Home/chapter13.aspx1